Welcome back to the year 1875, Islington, England. The air there is thick with the soot of coal fires, hanging like a fog over the narrow cobbled streets. Horse-drawn carriages clatter past, their wooden wheels rattling over uneven roads as the wealthy ride in comfort, while the poor shuffle by on foot, faces weathered from the hardships of industrial life. The stark contrast between the rich and the working class is impossible to ignore, with grand townhouses lining one street, while rows of cramped, smoke-filled tenements huddle in the shadows of factories just a few blocks away.
Fashion is a clear marker of class distinction. The upper-class women sweep by in sumptuous silk gowns, their corsets tight and their skirts billowing with layers of crinoline and bustle, while men of status sport tall top hats, frock coats, and neatly trimmed beards. Meanwhile, the working-class men wear threadbare trousers, worn boots, and loose shirts, often with a simple waistcoat if they’re lucky. Women of the lower classes dress in plain cottons, heavy aprons, and shawls pulled tightly around their shoulders to ward off the chill. Life for them is about endurance.
Inside the grand homes of the wealthy, warmth comes from large coal fireplaces, their hearths roaring and tended to by housemaids. Gas lighting flickers in the drawing rooms, illuminating grand portraits and polished wood furniture. Plumbing in these households is a luxury, with indoor water closets becoming more common, though still rudimentary compared to modern standards. For the poor, heating often means a single stove, barely large enough to cook a meager meal or offer respite from the damp cold, and plumbing is a distant luxury, as outdoor communal privies and fetching water from a public pump are the norm.
Food is another great divide. The rich dine lavishly, with tables set for grand dinners featuring roasted meats, oysters, and exotic fruits, all washed down with fine wines. The working class subsists on bread, potatoes, and whatever scraps of meat they can afford, with the poorest sometimes relying on thin gruel or charity kitchens to survive. Tea is a universal comfort, cutting across social lines, though the quality and accompaniment varies greatly.
Travel for the wealthy is by train or carriage, with steam-powered locomotives making long-distance journeys across the country possible, connecting Islington to the heart of London and beyond. For the working class, walking is the primary means of getting around, though omnibuses and trams are becoming more available, offering affordable if crowded alternatives.
Traditions still hold strong, even in the face of industrial progress. Sunday church services are a fixture of life, a day when the streets are quiet as people don their best clothes, rich or poor, to attend services. Public holidays like Christmas and Easter are celebrated with a sense of duty and festivity, but the ways in which they are enjoyed differ sharply based on wealth.
In this era of growing industry and widening social divides, the rich enjoy increasing comforts, while the working class struggles to keep pace with the changing world. Yet, despite these differences, there is a shared sense of resilience, a fight to keep moving forward in a world where progress both uplifts and oppresses. Here, in the smoky streets of Islington, the past mingles with the promise of the future, as 1875 unfolds amidst clattering wheels, swirling skirts, and the ceaseless hum of life.

In 1875, the United Kingdom was under the reign of Queen Victoria, who had been on the throne for nearly four decades. Her reign was marked by the expansion of the British Empire and significant social, political, and industrial transformations. The monarch was deeply revered by many of her subjects, and her personal life and long widowhood since the death of Prince Albert in 1861 were points of national sympathy and fascination. The country had settled into the height of the Victorian Era, which embodied strict moral codes, a sense of duty, and the stark contrasts between wealth and poverty.
At the helm of government in 1875 was Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, the leader of the Conservative Party. He had returned to power after his party's victory in the general election of 1874, a turning point after years of Liberal dominance under William Gladstone. Disraeli was a charismatic and ambitious leader, known for his astute political maneuvers and his focus on foreign affairs and imperial expansion. He was a close ally of Queen Victoria, who favored him over his rival, Gladstone, largely due to his flattery and support for her public role as Empress of India, which would officially come in 1876.
Disraeli's government in 1875 was notable for pursuing policies that laid the foundation for what would later be known as "Tory Democracy"—a blend of conservative values with reforms aimed at improving the lives of working people. In domestic affairs, his administration passed a number of significant acts. The *Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act* of 1875 gave local authorities the power to clear slums and build better housing for the poor, a response to the overcrowded, unsanitary conditions in industrial cities. Another major reform was the *Public Health Act* of 1875, which consolidated and extended existing public health laws, making sanitation, clean water, and sewage systems a priority for local authorities. This was a critical step in improving the overall health and living conditions of the rapidly growing urban population.
In this year, the country was also continuing to grapple with the ongoing effects of industrialization. The population of cities like London, Manchester, and Birmingham continued to swell as people flocked to the urban centers in search of work. While Disraeli's social reforms aimed to address some of the worst conditions faced by the working class, poverty, poor housing, and harsh labor conditions remained widespread, leading to increasing calls for more government intervention.
In 1875, the cultural and intellectual life of the United Kingdom was vibrant. The year saw the publication of novels by prominent Victorian authors such as George Eliot and Anthony Trollope, whose works reflected the social issues and moral questions of the time. Scientific progress was also on the rise, with the industrial revolution fueling new inventions and discoveries that would shape the coming century.
One of the most notable cultural events of 1875 was the premiere of, Trial by Jury, the first surviving collaboration between composer Arthur Sullivan and librettist W.S. Gilbert. This comic opera, which debuted at London’s Royalty Theatre on March 25th, was an immediate success, combining clever satire with light-hearted, accessible music. *Trial by Jury* satirizes the British legal system, centering on a breach of promise of marriage case in which the judge and jury are as absurd as the situation itself. Its success paved the way for a long and fruitful partnership between Gilbert and Sullivan, leading to the creation of some of the most beloved operettas in British theatre history, such as *H.M.S. Pinafore* and *The Mikado*. *Trial by Jury* became the foundation of a new style of British comic opera, blending wit, music, and social commentary in a way that appealed to a broad audience.
Another notable event in 1875 was the introduction of the *Food and Drugs Act*, a groundbreaking piece of legislation that made it an offence to adulterate food or drugs. This Act was crucial for public health, as the industrial revolution had led to widespread concerns about the safety and purity of the food supply. Before the Act, it was common for food to be contaminated with harmful substances, such as chalk in bread or lead in cosmetics, often for the sake of preserving products or making them appear more substantial. The *Food and Drugs Act* represented one of the earliest efforts by the government to regulate the production and sale of food, setting a precedent for modern food safety standards and consumer protection laws.
Public health in general was a major concern in 1875, and this was exemplified by the completion of Joseph Bazalgette’s revolutionary sewer system in London. After 30 years of construction, the London sewer system was finally completed, representing one of the most significant public works projects of the Victorian era. Bazalgette, a civil engineer, had designed the system in response to the *Great Stink* of 1858, when the River Thames became so polluted with raw sewage that it caused widespread illness and made the city virtually uninhabitable during the summer months. His sewer system drastically reduced the outbreaks of cholera and other waterborne diseases that had plagued London for decades. Bazalgette’s innovative design, which included miles of underground brick tunnels and massive pumping stations, fundamentally transformed public health in the city and became a model for urban infrastructure projects around the world.
Another achievement was Captain Matthew Webb’s historic swim across the English Channel. On August 25th, Webb became the first person to swim the 21-mile stretch between Dover and Calais without the aid of artificial flotation devices. His feat, which took nearly 22 hours, was a testament to human endurance and captivated the public’s imagination. Webb’s swim not only made him a national hero but also helped to popularize open-water swimming as a sport. His achievement was celebrated widely in Britain and further fueled the Victorian obsession with individual perseverance and physical achievement.
In the field of media and science, 1875 also saw *The Times* newspaper publish the first daily weather map. This was a groundbreaking development in meteorology, made possible by the recent establishment of the Meteorological Office, which had begun using telegraphy to collect weather data from different parts of the country. The weather map allowed the public to visualize weather patterns across the UK and anticipate changes in weather conditions, a significant advance in a time when accurate forecasts were essential for agriculture, shipping, and daily life. The publication of weather maps helped to popularize the emerging field of meteorology and demonstrated the practical applications of scientific advancements in everyday life.

But more importantly to us, my 4th Great Grandmother Eliza Willats nee Willats, formally Cameron and my 4th Great Granduncle Richard Henry Willats were living in Islington, England and expecting their 11th Child. Eliza’s 12th.

Their son, Percy Sidney Willats was born on Wednesday the 1st of September 1875, at Number 9, Park Place, Highbury, Islington, Middlesex, England. 
His father Richard Henry Willats, registered Percy’s birth on Saturday the 9th October, 1875, in Islington. 
He gave his occupation as a, Fancy Warehouseman and their abode as, 9, Park Place, Islington.

Park Place, located in Islington, London, is a street steeped in history and charm. This part of Islington has evolved significantly over the centuries, mirroring the broader development of the area from rural fields to a bustling urban neighborhood.
The history of Park Place begins in the early 19th century when Islington was transitioning from a rural village on the outskirts of London into a more urbanized suburb. The area around Park Place was initially characterized by open fields and agricultural land. However, as London expanded rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, the demand for housing increased, leading to the development of residential streets like Park Place.
Islington itself has a rich history that predates this urban development. Originally known as "Iseldon," it was a medieval village that slowly transformed into a popular retreat for wealthy Londoners seeking respite from the city's hustle and bustle. By the 18th century, Islington had become known for its dairy farms and fresh produce, which supplied the growing metropolis.
Park Place emerged during a period of significant growth and change. The early 19th century saw the construction of many of the houses that still stand today, built in the Georgian style that was popular at the time. These homes were typically terraced, featuring elegant brick facades and decorative ironwork. The residents of Park Place in its early years would have been a mix of middle-class families, professionals, and tradespeople, reflecting the diverse social fabric of Victorian London.
As Islington continued to grow throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Park Place maintained its residential character. The street witnessed the broader trends affecting London, including the impact of the two World Wars. During World War II, Islington, like much of London, suffered from bombings during the Blitz. Many buildings were damaged or destroyed, but Park Place largely retained its historical architecture, a testament to the resilience of its structures and community.
In the post-war period, Islington underwent significant regeneration. The 1960s and 1970s brought about urban renewal projects, with an emphasis on preserving historical buildings while updating the area to meet modern needs. Park Place benefited from these efforts, with many of its Georgian and Victorian homes being restored and modernized.
Today, Park Place is part of a vibrant and diverse community. Islington has become one of London's most desirable neighborhoods, known for its lively cultural scene, excellent restaurants, and eclectic shops. The area around Park Place reflects this mix of old and new, where historical architecture stands alongside contemporary amenities.
The street itself is a peaceful residential enclave, offering a glimpse into London's architectural heritage. The well-preserved Georgian houses, with their distinctive sash windows and wrought iron railings, provide a charming contrast to the bustling streets nearby. The sense of history is palpable, with many homes retaining original features and details that harken back to the 19th century.
Park Place also benefits from its proximity to some of Islington's key attractions. The nearby Regent's Canal offers a picturesque spot for walks and leisure activities, while the bustling Upper Street, with its theaters, boutiques, and eateries, is just a short stroll away. The local community is active and engaged, with a strong sense of identity and pride in their neighborhood.
5 Park Place, London is a 3 bedroom freehold terraced house - it is ranked as the 3rd most expensive property in N1 3JU, with a valuation of £1,432,000. Since it last sold in July 2016 for £1,450,000, its value has decreased by £18,000. It is now a sleek contemporary townhouse within a private gated mews, arranged over three floors with an allocated parking space.

The following year, on the 10th of January 1876, May’s oldest sister,  Charlotte and her future husband Pierce William Crosbie, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, were called at St Mary Church, Islington, Middlesex, England. 
It reads, 

DIOCESE OF LONDON. 
10th January 1876 
APPEARED PERSONALLY, Pierce William Crosbie of the parish of Saint Mary, Islington, in the county of Middlesex, a Bachelor of the age of twenty-one years and upwards and prayed a Licence for the Solemnization of Matrimony in in the Parish Church of Saint Mary, Islington unforesaid between him and Charlotte Eleanor Willats of the same parish, spinster, a minor, of the age of sixteen years and upwards but under the age of twenty one years and made Oath that he believeth that there is no Impediment of Kindred or Alliance, or of any other lawful cause, nor any Suit com- menced in any Ecclesiastical Court to bar or hinder the Proceed- ing of the said Matrimony, according to the tenor of such Licence. And he further made oath, that he the said, Appeaser hath had his usual Place of abode within the said Parish of Saint Mary Islington for the space of Fifteen days last past and he lastly made oath that the consent of Richard Henry Willats the natural and lawful Father of the said Minor hath been obtained to the said intended Marriage. 
Sworn before me. Peirce William Crosbie.

Percy's sister,  Charlotte secretly married my licence a young Bachelor named Peirce William Crosbie, on Tuesday the 11th of January 1876, at St Mary Church, Islington, Middlesex, England. They both stated they were of full age, even though Charlotte was only 16. Their witnesses were, Henry Billey and Henry Smith. Charlotte gave her abode as, 9 Park Place and Pierce gave his As 9 Riverdale Road. Pierces occupation was given as a Clark. They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, a Warehouseman and John Crosbie a Gentu.

I’m not sure what happened after Percy’s sister, Charlotte and Peirce’s secret marriage in January but a few short months later, Charlotte and Pierce found themselves back at St Mary Church, Islington, Middlesex, England, listening to their marriage banns being called. Their banns were called on Sunday the 12th of March, Sunday the 19th of March and Sunday the 26th of March, 1876.

Percy’s sister, Charlotte Ellen Willats married bachelor, Pierce William Crosbie, for the second time, this time not in private. They married on Tuesday the 28th of March, 1876, in St Mary’s Church, Islington, Middlesex, England. Charlotte was a minor and Pierce was of full age. Pierces occupation was given as a Gentu. They gave their residence as 9 Park Place and gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, a Warehouseman and John Crosbie a Gentu. Their witnesses were Richard Willats and Charlotte’s future sister-in-law Margaret Jane McLennon.

The Church of St Mary the Virgin is the historic parish church of Islington, in the Church of England Diocese of London. The present parish is a compact area centered on Upper Streetbetween Angel and Highbury Corner, bounded to the west by Liverpool Road, and to the east by Essex Road/Canonbury Road. The church is a Grade II listed building.
The churchyard was enlarged in 1793. With the rapid growth of Islington, it became full and closed for burials in 1853. It was laid out as a public garden of one and a half acres in 1885.
You can read more about St Mary’s here.

Percy’s younger brother, Frederick Howard Willats was born on on Tuesday the 27th of February 1877 at, Number 9, Park Place, Highbury, Islington, Middlesex, England.  His father Richard Henry Willats registered Frederick’s birth on Saturday the 10th March 1877. Richard gave his occupation as a Silk Warehouseman, and their abode as, 9 Park Place, Islington.

Percy’s second oldest brother, 24-year-old, bachelor, and publican, Henry Richard Willats married 23-year-old, spinster, Amelia Etheredge, daughter of John Etheredge, on Tuesday the 30th of March, 1880 at All Saints Church, West Ham, Essex, England. Henry gave his residence as West Ham and Amelia as, Saint Paul’s, Shadwell. They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, a Licensed Victualler and John Etheredge, an Engineer.
Their witnesses were Charles Henry Etheredge and Alice Catherine Etheredge.

All Saints Church, located in West Ham, Essex, is a historic parish church with a rich heritage that dates back many centuries. The earliest recorded mention of a church on this site is in the 12th century, suggesting that a Christian community has existed here for nearly a thousand years. The church itself, as it stands today, is primarily the result of 13th-century construction, although it has undergone various modifications and restorations over the centuries.
The architecture of All Saints Church is a testament to the stylistic transitions and historical influences over the centuries. The church’s nave, chancel, and south aisle are from the 13th century, showcasing the Early English Gothic style prevalent at the time. Notably, the south aisle was later extended, reflecting the growing congregation and the need for more space. The tower, a significant feature of the church, was added in the 14th century. Its robust and imposing structure was not only a place of worship but also served as a local landmark and a point of refuge in times of trouble.
During the medieval period, All Saints Church played a central role in the community’s spiritual and social life. The churchyard served as a burial ground for local residents, and several notable figures from history have their final resting place here. Among these are members of the Lethieullier family, who were influential in the area during the 18th century.
The Reformation and subsequent religious changes in England had a profound impact on All Saints Church, as they did on many churches across the country. The church adapted to the new Protestant liturgy, and many of its medieval Catholic fittings and decorations were removed or altered. Despite these changes, the church maintained its position as a focal point of community life.
In the 19th century, the church underwent significant restoration, part of a broader Victorian movement to preserve and restore historic ecclesiastical buildings. This restoration aimed to return the church to its former glory while accommodating the needs of contemporary worshippers. The Victorian restorers were careful to respect the church’s medieval heritage, although they did introduce some new elements in line with the tastes and liturgical practices of the time.
All Saints Church has continued to serve the spiritual needs of the West Ham community into the 21st century. It has witnessed the profound changes in the area, from its rural beginnings through industrialization to its current urban character. The church remains an important historical and cultural landmark, offering a sense of continuity amidst the rapid changes of the modern world.
Today, All Saints Church is not only a place of worship but also a venue for community events and activities. Its rich history is preserved in its architecture, its memorials, and the continuity of worship that has been maintained for centuries. The church’s enduring presence is a testament to its significance in the life of West Ham, reflecting the broader history of the region and the nation.

Percy’s sister, 19-year-old, Edith Cameron Willats, married 21-year-old Bachelor, Edward Charlton, an Esquire, on Wednesday the 20th of October, 1880, at St Margaret Church, George Hanover Square, Westminster, London, England. They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, a Hotel Keeper and Henry Charlton, a Hotel Keeper. Edith gave her residents as, 20 Australian Avenue, Barbican, Silk Street, St Giles, Westminster, London, EnglandAnd Edward gave his as Westminster Palace Hotel.
Their witnesses were, Richard Willats and William Charlton.

St. Margaret's Church, located in George Hanover Square, Westminster, London, is an iconic parish church with a distinguished history that dates back to the early 18th century. The church was built between 1711 and 1714, designed by the renowned architect John James, who worked under the guidance of Sir Christopher Wren. It stands as a prime example of the English Baroque style, characterized by its grand and elegant architecture.
The construction of St. Margaret's was commissioned to serve the rapidly growing population of the newly developed Mayfair area. The church was consecrated in 1718 and quickly became a fashionable place of worship for the aristocracy and wealthy residents of the area. Its location in George Hanover Square, a prominent and affluent part of London, further enhanced its status.
The interior of St. Margaret's Church is notable for its fine Georgian woodwork, including an impressive reredos and pulpit. The church also boasts a magnificent organ, originally built by Richard Bridge in 1740 and subsequently modified and restored over the centuries. The overall design and decor reflect the elegance and refinement of the period, making it a significant architectural and historical landmark.
By the 19th century, St. Margaret's Church had firmly established itself as a popular venue for high society weddings. Marrying at St. Margaret's in 1880, however, involved several steps and requirements. The process would have been relatively straightforward for most residents of the parish, especially given the church's established role in the community.
To marry at St. Margaret's in 1880, a couple needed to follow the legal requirements of the time. This included obtaining a marriage license or having banns (public announcements of the intended marriage) read out on three consecutive Sundays in the parish where both parties lived. If either party resided outside the parish, banns had to be read in their respective local parishes as well. Once the banns were read or a license obtained, the couple could proceed with arranging their wedding ceremony at the church.
The prominence of St. Margaret's as a desirable wedding location meant that it was a popular choice, and securing a wedding date might require planning well in advance. Nonetheless, for those with the means and connections, marrying at St. Margaret's was relatively accessible. The church's central location in London, combined with its association with high society and the quality of its clergy, made it a sought-after venue for nuptials.
Weddings at St. Margaret's in the late 19th century were often grand affairs, attended by large numbers of guests and covered in the society pages of newspapers. The church's elegant interior provided a beautiful setting for the ceremony, and its location in the heart of London's fashionable district added to the allure.
St. Margaret's Church has continued to serve the spiritual needs of its parishioners and the broader community through the centuries. Today, it remains an active place of worship and a cherished historical site. Its legacy as a favored location for weddings endures, reflecting its longstanding reputation as one of London's most prestigious parish churches.

The following year, on Sunday, April 3, 1881, Percy and his family were living at 61 Ambler Road, St. Mary, Islington, London, England. The household included his parents, Richard and Eliza, as well as his siblings: Frank, Arthur, Eliza, Walter, Lillian, Edwin, and May. They also hosted a guest, Henry Anstey. At the time, Richard was a publican out of business, Frank worked as a general agent, Arthur was a solicitor’s clerk, and Walter served as a stock exchange clerk. Meanwhile, Eliza, Lillian, Edwin, May, and Sidney were listed as scholars. Their guest, Henry Anstey, was recorded as an Enumerator, though without a stated occupation.

61 Ambler Road, located in the London Borough of Islington, is a typical residential address in a part of North London known for its Victorian and Edwardian architecture. Ambler Road itself is situated in the Finsbury Park area, an area that developed significantly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The history of 61 Ambler Road likely begins in the late 19th century when much of this part of Islington was developed. During this period, London was experiencing rapid expansion and urbanization, driven by the growth of the railway network and the increasing population. Victorian terraces and semi-detached houses were built to accommodate the burgeoning middle class and working population moving to the city for employment opportunities.
Ambler Road and its surrounding streets would have been part of this development boom, characterized by rows of brick houses with bay windows, decorative stonework, and small front gardens. The architecture typically reflects the Victorian style, with some Edwardian influences evident in later modifications and neighboring constructions.
Throughout its history, 61 Ambler Road has likely been home to a variety of residents. Initially, the inhabitants would have been middle-class families, possibly including professionals such as clerks, teachers, or small business owners, reflecting the socio-economic makeup of the area at the time. Census records from the late 19th and early 20th centuries would provide specific details about the individuals and families living there, offering insights into their occupations, family structures, and origins.
In the mid-20th century, like much of London, the area saw significant demographic changes. The aftermath of World War II and subsequent social changes brought a more diverse population to Islington. The housing policies and urban renewal projects of the post-war period might have also impacted the residents and the structure of housing on Ambler Road. During this time, houses that were once single-family homes might have been subdivided into flats or boarding houses to accommodate the housing needs of a growing and changing population.
By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Islington, including the Finsbury Park area, began to experience gentrification. The proximity to central London and improved transport links made it an attractive location for young professionals and families. This period likely saw a shift back towards owner-occupiers and an increase in property values. Renovations and restorations became common as new residents invested in updating the Victorian properties while retaining their historical charm.
Today, 61 Ambler Road, like many houses in the area, would be part of a vibrant and diverse community. The residents are likely to include a mix of long-term locals and newer arrivals, contributing to the rich social tapestry of Islington. The area benefits from its close proximity to Finsbury Park, a major green space offering recreational facilities and events, as well as the array of shops, cafes, and restaurants that cater to the diverse tastes of its inhabitants.

Percy’s brother 23-year-old, bachelor, Francis Montague Allen Willats, married 25-year-old, spinster, Margaret Jane McLennon, at St John’s Church, Hornsey, Middlesex, England, on Wednesday the 6th of July, 1881. Francis was working as an agent at the time of his marriage. They gave their fathers names and occupations as Richard Henry Willats, an Agent and John McLennon, a Chronometer Maker. Francis gave his abode as, 145 Blackstock Road and Margaret gave hers as, 84, Finsbury Park Road. Their witnesses were John McLennon and Jessie McLennon.

Percy’s eldest brother (or half-brother), 29-year-old William George Willats, also known as “Biggun,” married 27-year-old Alice Maria Money at the Register Office in Islington, Middlesex, England, on Saturday, December 23, 1882. William, a bachelor and commercial traveller, listed his occupation as such on the marriage record. The couple provided the names and occupations of their fathers: Richard Henry Willats, an auctioneer, and John Money, a deceased builder. The witnesses to the marriage were Eliza Willats and Amelia Willats. William George Willats was the son of Eliza Willats (née Cameron) and George John Willats, Edwin’s paternal uncle (Richard Henry Willats’s brother). You can read all about his life here and here.

Across the pond in Buffalo, Erie, New York, United States of America, May’s brother, Arthur Charles Willats married Josephine Mary Conley in 1886. Unfortunately at present I haven't come across any documentation for their marriage only census records and births of their children. Being in the United Kingdom, research in America isn't the easiest especially ordering certificates etc.

Jumping forward to the year 1891. The United Kingdom was a nation characterized by significant social, political, and economic developments. The country was under the rule of Queen Victoria, who had been on the throne since 1837, making her one of the longest-reigning monarchs in British history. Her reign, known as the Victorian Era, was marked by industrial expansion, empire building, and considerable social change.
The Prime Minister in 1891 was Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. Serving his second term as Prime Minister, Salisbury was a Conservative leader known for his cautious foreign policy and efforts to maintain Britain's global influence amidst the rising powers of Europe and America. His government focused on issues such as imperial defense, domestic policy reform, and addressing social issues brought about by industrialization.
The monarchy during this time continued to hold significant symbolic and ceremonial importance, even as political power increasingly rested with Parliament. Queen Victoria was a beloved figure, embodying the stability and continuity of the British Empire, which was at its zenith, spanning large parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Parliament, divided into the House of Commons and the House of Lords, was the central legislative body. In the late 19th century, the political landscape was dominated by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. Socialism was beginning to gain traction, influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and the labor movements across Europe. The formation of the Independent Labour Party in 1893, just two years later, signified the growing discontent among the working classes and the demand for political representation.
Transportation in 1891 was experiencing a revolution with the expansion of the railway network. Trains had become the primary means of long-distance travel for both people and goods, significantly reducing travel time and costs. Urban areas saw the rise of horse-drawn trams and the introduction of the first electric trams, which began to transform city commuting.
Energy in the United Kingdom was predominantly derived from coal, fueling not only transportation but also the burgeoning industries. Coal-powered steam engines were ubiquitous in factories, and the domestic use of coal for heating and cooking was widespread. Electricity generation was still in its infancy, but advancements were being made, particularly in urban centers.
Fashion in 1891 continued to reflect Victorian sensibilities. For women, this meant corsets, long skirts, and high necklines, with elaborate hats and accessories. Men's fashion was characterized by three-piece suits, bowler hats, and neatly trimmed beards or mustaches. The influence of the Aesthetic Movement, which emphasized beauty and art in everyday life, was also noticeable in more ornate and decorative clothing designs.
Food during this period was heavily influenced by class. The upper classes enjoyed a varied diet with meat, fish, and fresh vegetables, often imported from across the empire. The working classes, however, had a more limited diet, largely consisting of bread, potatoes, and occasional meat, reflecting economic disparities.
Sanitation was a major issue in 1891, particularly in rapidly growing industrial cities. Efforts to improve public health were underway, driven by the understanding of germ theory and the link between poor sanitation and disease. The construction of sewer systems and the provision of clean water supplies were important public health measures being implemented to combat outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
Historical events of 1891 included the ongoing debates over Irish Home Rule, a contentious issue in British politics. The tension between unionists and nationalists in Ireland was a significant concern, influencing political discourse and leading to various legislative efforts to address the question of Ireland's autonomy within the United Kingdom.
It was also the year of the census.

On the evening of Sunday, April 5, 1891, when the 1891 census was conducted, Percy was living with his parents, Richard and Eliza, and his siblings, May, Walter, Frederick, Lily, and Edwin, at 27 Kings Road, Hornsey, Islington, Middlesex, England. Richard was employed as a self-employed surveyor, Walter worked as a stockbroker’s clerk, and Edwin was listed as a surveyor’s clerk.

27 Kings Road in Hornsey, located within the London Borough of Islington, is a residential address with a history that reflects the broader development patterns of the area. Hornsey is one of London's oldest suburbs, with a history that stretches back to medieval times. By the 19th century, Hornsey had transitioned from a rural village to a more suburban area, driven by the expansion of the railway network and the increasing population of London.
The specific history of 27 Kings Road would be tied to the urban development that took place in Hornsey during the Victorian era. Much of the housing in this area, including Kings Road, was constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This period saw the construction of many terraced houses, which were designed to accommodate the growing middle class who were moving to the suburbs in search of better living conditions than those found in the crowded inner city.
The houses on Kings Road, including number 27, would likely have been built during this building boom, featuring the architectural characteristics typical of the time. These would include brick facades, sash windows, and perhaps decorative elements such as bay windows or iron railings. The development of these homes was part of a larger trend of suburbanization that offered more spacious and healthier living environments compared to the densely populated urban areas.
Throughout the 20th century, the residents of 27 Kings Road would have experienced the social and economic changes that affected Hornsey and the wider London area. In the early part of the century, the area would have been home to a mix of professionals, skilled workers, and their families. The impact of both World Wars would have brought changes to the community, with the local population contributing to the war efforts and coping with the aftermath of wartime destruction and rationing.
The mid-20th century saw significant changes in Hornsey, as with much of London, including post-war rebuilding and modernization. During this time, there was also an increase in cultural and ethnic diversity as new waves of immigrants settled in London, contributing to the rich social fabric of the area. Properties like 27 Kings Road might have seen changes in ownership and possibly alterations to their structure to adapt to modern living standards, such as the addition of indoor plumbing, central heating, and electricity.
By the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, Hornsey began to experience gentrification. Rising property values and an influx of young professionals looking for convenient commuting options into central London brought renewed interest and investment in the area. Houses like 27 Kings Road were likely refurbished to restore or enhance their Victorian charm while incorporating modern amenities.
Today, 27 Kings Road stands as part of a vibrant and diverse community in Hornsey. The area benefits from its proximity to green spaces such as Alexandra Park and Finsbury Park, excellent transport links including nearby rail and Underground stations, and a variety of local shops, cafes, and restaurants. The history of the house reflects the broader narrative of suburban development in London, from Victorian expansion through 20th-century challenges to 21st-century rejuvenation.
To gain a deeper understanding of the specific history of 27 Kings Road, local archives, historical records, and property documents held by the Islington Local History Centre or the London Metropolitan Archives could provide detailed information about its construction, ownership, and the lives of its residents over the years.

Percy’s mother, 59-year-old Eliza Willats nee Willats formally Cameron, passed away on Friday the 23rd of November 1894, at Number 27, Kings Road, South Hornsey, Edmonton, Middlesex, England. Eliza died from, disease of valves of the heart two years nine months and dropsy. Her daughter Edith Charlton of Number 27, Kings Road, South Hornsey, was present and registered Eliza’s death on the 26th of November 1894.

Heart valve disease and dropsy, also known as edema, are significant medical conditions that affect the cardiovascular system.
Heart valve disease involves malfunctioning of one or more valves in the heart. The heart has four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary) that ensure blood flows in the correct direction. When these valves do not open or close properly, blood flow can be obstructed or leak backwards (regurgitate), leading to various symptoms and complications.
Valve diseases can be categorized as stenosis (where the valve opening is narrowed, restricting blood flow) or regurgitation (where the valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to leak back). Causes of valve disease include congenital heart defects, infections (such as endocarditis), rheumatic fever, and age-related degeneration. Symptoms may include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, and swelling in the ankles, feet, or abdomen.
Diagnosis typically involves physical exams, imaging tests (like echocardiography), and sometimes cardiac catheterization. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and may include medications to manage symptoms, antibiotics for infections, and in severe cases, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve.
Dropsy, or edema, refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues throughout the body, leading to swelling. This condition is often a symptom rather than a disease itself and can occur due to various reasons, including heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, venous insufficiency, and certain medications.
In heart failure, for example, the heart's inability to pump blood effectively can cause fluid to build up in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or in peripheral tissues (peripheral edema). Symptoms of edema include swelling of the legs, ankles, or abdomen, sudden weight gain, and sometimes shortness of breath.
Treatment of edema involves addressing the underlying cause. This may include lifestyle changes (such as reducing salt intake and elevating legs), medications (like diuretics to reduce fluid retention), and management of the underlying condition (such as treating heart failure or kidney disease).
Both heart valve disease and dropsy are serious conditions that require medical attention and management to prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

The Willats family laid Eliza to rest at Abney Park Cemetery, 215 Stoke Newington High Street, Stoke Newington, London, England, N16 0LH, on Thursday, November 29, 1894. She was buried in grave D06, number 092431. Her residence at the time of her death was recorded as 27 Kings Road, Brownswood Park. Following Eliza's passing, her husband, Richard Henry Willats, purchased two graves in Abney Park Cemetery, which was then a beautiful garden surrounding a former grand house converted into a private cemetery. Each grave cost three guineas and could accommodate six interments.

Abney Park Cemetery, located in Stoke Newington, North London, is one of the "Magnificent Seven" garden cemeteries established in the Victorian era. Opened in 1840, this historic cemetery has a unique charm, blending natural beauty with rich history, and serves as a testament to Victorian funerary customs and urban planning.
The cemetery was originally conceived as a non-denominational burial ground, a revolutionary idea at the time. This progressive approach was largely influenced by its founders, George Collison and the Nonconformist philanthropist, Sir Thomas Abney. Unlike many other cemeteries of the era, Abney Park was designed to accommodate people of all faiths and social standings, reflecting the inclusive ethos of its creators. This vision is evident in the diversity of the monuments and graves scattered throughout its grounds.
One of the most striking features of Abney Park Cemetery is its layout. Designed as an arboretum and a landscaped garden cemetery, it offers a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of city life. The cemetery is home to a wide variety of trees and plants, carefully selected to create a serene and contemplative environment. Visitors can stroll along winding paths lined with towering oaks, weeping willows, and ancient yews, all contributing to the cemetery's tranquil atmosphere. The Victorian fondness for botany is evident in the carefully curated flora, making it not just a place of remembrance, but also a sanctuary for nature enthusiasts.
At the heart of Abney Park Cemetery stands the Gothic chapel, an architectural gem designed by William Hosking. Although now a ruin, the chapel remains a poignant symbol of the cemetery's historical and cultural significance. Its crumbling walls and ivy-covered façade evoke a sense of melancholy beauty, reminiscent of Romantic literature and art. The chapel originally served as a place for funeral services and was a focal point for the community, embodying the cemetery's role as a public space for reflection and mourning.
The graves and monuments at Abney Park Cemetery tell countless stories of Victorian life and death. The cemetery is the final resting place of many notable figures, including the famous hymn-writer Isaac Watts, who significantly influenced English hymnody. His tomb, along with those of other prominent individuals like the anti-slavery campaigner and poet James Stephen, and the pioneering feminist and social reformer Annie Besant, make the cemetery a historical treasure trove.
Despite its serene beauty, Abney Park Cemetery has faced challenges over the years. By the mid-20th century, the cemetery had fallen into neglect, with many graves and monuments succumbing to the ravages of time and nature. However, the Abney Park Trust, established in the 1990s, has worked tirelessly to restore and maintain the cemetery, ensuring its preservation for future generations. Their efforts have transformed the cemetery into a cherished green space, a haven for wildlife, and a site of historical education and community events.
Today, Abney Park Cemetery is a place where history, nature, and community intersect. It offers a unique glimpse into Victorian attitudes towards death and remembrance, while also serving as a green oasis in the heart of London. Visitors can explore its winding paths, discover its rich history, and enjoy its natural beauty, making it a poignant and peaceful retreat.
In addition to its role as a burial ground, Abney Park Cemetery also hosts a variety of events and activities throughout the year. From guided historical tours to wildlife walks and educational workshops, there are numerous opportunities for visitors to engage with the cemetery's rich heritage and diverse ecology. These events help to keep the spirit of the cemetery alive, fostering a sense of community and continuity amidst the tranquil surroundings.
Abney Park Cemetery stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of the Victorian era's approach to death, nature, and urban space. Its blend of historical significance, architectural beauty, and natural tranquility make it a unique and valuable part of London's cultural landscape. As a place of remembrance and reflection, it continues to offer solace and inspiration to all who visit.

On Monday the 8th of July 1895 at St John Church, Highbury Vale, Kent, England, Percy’s sister, Eliza Mary aka Mary Eliza, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, were called. They read as followers, 

DIOCESE OF LONDON 
8th July 1895. 
APPEARED PERSONALLY, Benjamin Beach of the Parish of The Holy Trinity Broadstars in bounty of Kent a Widower and prayed a Licence for the Solemnization of Matrimony in Parish church of St John Highbury Vale, in the county of Middlesex between Mary Eliza Willats, of the said Parish of St John Highbury Vale, a spinster of the age of Twenty one years and upwards and made Oath that he believeth that there is no Impediment of Kindred or Alliance, or of any other lawful cause, nor any Suit commenced in any Ecclesiastical Court to bar or hinder the Proceeding of the said Matrimony, according to the tenor of such Licence. And he further made Oath, that she the said Mary Eliza Willats hath had her usual Place of abode within the said Parish of St John, Highbury Vale for the space of Fifteen days last past. Sworn before me F. S. May, Surr:

Percy’s sister, 28-year-old, spinster, Eliza Mary Willats, married 48-year-old Widower, and wine merchant, Benjamin Beach, on Thursday the 11th of July 1895, at St John’s Church, Highbury, Islington, Middlesex, England. Mary gave her residence as, 27 Kings Road and Benjamins as? 
They gave their father's names and occupations as, Richard Beach (deceased) a Brewer and Richard Henry Willats, a Gentleman. Their witnesses was their father Richard Henry Willats and Charles Watson. Eliza was using the name Mary Eliza Willats (her middle name.).

Percy’s brother, 21 years old, bachelor Walter James Willats and 21 years old, spinster, Amelia High, Marriage Bonds was licenced on Tuesday 20th October 1896, at St Mary Magdalene, Enfield, Middlesex, England. Their marriage licence reads as follows. 

DIOESE OF LONDON. 
20th October 1896 
APPEARED PERSONALLY, Walter James Willats of the parish of St Mary Magdalene Enfield in the County of Middlesex a Bachelor aged Twenty one years and upwards and prayed a Licence for the Solemnization of Matrimony in the parish church of St Mary Magdalene Enfield aforesaid between him and Amelia Ellen High of the same parish a sphincter of the age of Twenty-one years and upwards and made Oath that he believeth that there is no Impediment of Kindred or Alliance, or of any other lawful cause, nor any Suit commenced in any Ecclesiastical Court to bar or hinder the Proceeding of the said Matrimony, according to the tenor ofsuch Licence. And he further made Oath, that he the said Appearer hath had his usual Place of abode within the said of St Mary Magdalene Enfield for the space of Fifteen days last past. Walter James Willats Sworn before me F S May Swn:

Percy’s Brother, 30-year-old, Bachelor, Walter James Willats, a Clark married 24-year-old spinster, Amelia Ellen High on Wednesday 21st October 1896, at the church of St Mary Magdalene, Enfield, Middlesex, England.  
They gave their residence at the time of their marriage as, Number 10, William Place, Chase Side, Enfield. 
They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, a Suvayor and William James High, a cabinet Maker. 
Their witnesses were, E. F. Newcombe and S. A. Newcombe.

St Mary Magdalene, Enfield, is a Church of England church in Enfield, London, dedicated to Jesus' companion, Mary Magdalene. The building is grade II* listed with Historic England. The church was built as a memorial to Philip Twells, MP and city banker, by his wife Georgiana Twells, who employed the architect William Butterfield. The foundation was stone was laid in 1881 and the church opened in 1883. The artist Charles Edgar Buckeridge painted the ceiling and east wall of the sanctuary and after his early death the side walls were painted by Nathaniel Westlake. The walls and ceiling were conserved in 2012 by Hirst Conservation with the help of local donations and the Heritage Lottery Fund. The stained-glass windows are by Heaton, Butler and Bayne.
The tower originally contained 8 change ringing bells cast by John Warner & Sons for the new church in 1883, however these were replaced in 1999, as they were too heavy for the tower and were causing damage. The church installed a new, lighter ring of 8 bells cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and the older, larger bells were bought by Grace Church Cathedral in Charleston, United States, where they were installed and augmented to 10 with two new treble bells cast in the same year, also by Whitechapel.

Percy’s brother,43-year-old, Estate Bailiff, William George Willats, my 3rd great-grandfather, died on Sunday the 14th of February, 1897, at Number 44 Gillespie Road, Islington, Middlesex, England. 
He died from Cardial Haemorrhage Corona Syncope. Their Sister, Charlotte Ellen Crosbie, of, 132 Wilberforce Road, Finsbury Park, was present and registered his death on the 16th of February 1897.

Cardial hemorrhage, also known as cardiac hemorrhage, refers to bleeding that occurs within or around the heart. This condition can be caused by various factors, including trauma, underlying cardiovascular diseases, or complications of medical procedures. 
One common cause of cardial hemorrhage is a myocardial infarction, or heart attack, where the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle is interrupted, leading to tissue damage and potential bleeding. Another cause could be an injury to the heart during surgery or a cardiac catheterization procedure.
Symptoms of cardial hemorrhage can vary depending on the location and severity of the bleeding but may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, fainting, or signs of shock such as low blood pressure and pale skin. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as echocardiography or CT scans to locate and assess the extent of the bleeding.
Treatment of cardial hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Immediate medical intervention may be necessary to stabilize the patient, control bleeding, and address any underlying cardiovascular issues. This could involve medications to promote blood clotting, surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or tissues, or other interventional procedures.
Corona syncope, also known as vasovagal syncope or neurally mediated syncope, refers to a temporary loss of consciousness caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure, which reduces blood flow to the brain. This condition can be triggered by various factors, including emotional stress, pain, dehydration, prolonged standing, or sudden changes in body position.
During a corona syncope episode, individuals may experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, sweating, and a pale complexion before losing consciousness briefly. Typically, consciousness returns quickly once the individual lies down and blood flow to the brain improves.
Diagnosis of corona syncope involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests such as tilt-table testing or heart rhythm monitoring to rule out other potential causes of fainting episodes. 
Treatment for corona syncope focuses on identifying and avoiding triggers that provoke episodes. Lifestyle modifications such as staying well-hydrated, avoiding prolonged standing, and practicing stress management techniques can be helpful. In some cases, medications or maneuvers like leg crossing and muscle tensing (to increase blood pressure) may be prescribed to prevent syncope episodes.
Both cardial hemorrhage and corona syncope are serious conditions that require medical evaluation and management to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

The Willats family laid, William George Willats, to rest at, Abney Park Cemetery, 215 Stoke Newington High Street, Stoke Newington, London, England, N16 0LH, on Thursday the 18th of February 1897, in grave D06 092431, with his mother Eliza Willats nee Cameron. His father Richard, brother Percy Sidney and nephew Francis Paul Willats were later on buried with them.

Thankfully Joy was on the horizon as Percy's sister, 29-year-old, spinster, Lilly Jenny Willats married 31-year-old, bachelor and commercial (I assume that means commercial traveller?), William Alexander Neilson, on Saturday the 15th of July, 1899, at St. John’s Church, Highbury, Islington, Middlesex, England. 
They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, an auctioneer and William Neilson, a commercial. 
At the time of their marriage, Lilly was residing at 27 Kings Road, Brownhill Park and William at Madeira Avenue, Worthing, Sussex. 
Their witnesses were, Lilly’s brother-in-law, Benjamin Beach and her niece, Amina Charlton. 
Lilly was named as Lillian on the marriage certificate.

And Percy’s brother, 28-year-old Bachelor and auctioneer, Edwin Paul Willats married 19-year-old, spinster, Nellie Elizabeth High on Saturday the 7th of July, 1900, at All Hallows, Tottenham, Edmonton, Middlesex, England. Their witnesses were their brother Walter James Willats and Nellie's sister Amelia Ellen Willats nee High (Walter’s wife). 
Edwin and Nellie gave their father's names and occupations were given as Richard Henry Willats, a surveyor and James High (William James), a Cabinet Maker.

All Hallows Church, located in Tottenham, Edmonton, is an Anglican parish church with a rich history dating back over 900 years. Its origins can be traced to the Norman era, with the current building having been constructed primarily in the 15th century, showcasing classic English Gothic architecture.
Throughout its existence, All Hallows has served as a focal point for worship and community life in the area. The church underwent significant restoration work in the 19th century, which preserved its medieval character while adapting it to contemporary needs.
The churchyard of All Hallows contains several historically significant graves and monuments, reflecting the local heritage and the lives of prominent individuals associated with the area over the centuries.
All Hallows has played a vital role in the community, not only as a place of worship but also as a center for social activities and charitable endeavors. Its outreach programs and community initiatives continue to serve the diverse needs of Tottenham and Edmonton residents today.
The church remains an architectural and historical landmark, symbolising the enduring presence of faith and community in the evolving urban landscape of North London.

Percy Sidney, his father Richard, his siblings Edith, and May, and his niece Amina Charlton, were residing at Number 27, Kings Road, Stoke Newington, Hackney, Middlesex, England, on Sunday the 31st March 1901. 
Percy was working as a Surveyor Clark, Richard a Surveyor. They had a domestic servant called Florence Giles living with them.

Percy’s sister, Eliza Mary Beach nee Willats died on Monday the 21st of July 1902, at Beach Court, Upper Deals, Eastry, Kent, at the awfully young age of 35 years. Eliza died from Pneumonia and exhaustion. Their sister, Edith Cameron Charlton nee Willats, was present and registered her death on the same day, Monday the 21st of July 1902. Edith stated that Eliza was the wife of Benjamin Beach, giving his profession an, independent means. Eliza’s death was registered under the name Mary Eliza Beach. 

Percy and family laid Eliza Mary Beach nee Willats, to rest on Thursday the 24th of July, 1902, at St Peter in Thanet, Kent, England.

St Peter's is an area of Broadstairs, a town on the Isle of Thanet in Kent. Historically a village, it was outgrown by the long-dominant settlement of the two, Broadstairs, after 1841. Originally the borough or manor of the church of St. Peter-in-Thanet, it was said to be the largest parish east of London, at least until Broadstairs became a separate parish on 27 September 1850. The two settlements were formally merged administratively in 1895. The village and its church, named after Saint Peter, was the second daughter church of Minster established in 1070, although the first written record of its present name dates to 1124. In 1254 the village was named "scī Petr'", which gradually changed to "scī Petri" by 1270, Sti Petri in Insula de Thaneto by 1422, and finally settling by 1610 on its current form of St Peter's. The church has the right to fly the white ensign, dating from when the church tower was used as a signalling station in the Napoleonic Wars. The village sign won first prize in a nationwide competition in 1920. Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975, serving as prime minister from 1970 to 1974, was born in the village in 1916. On 27 April 1952, a United States Air Force Republic F-84 Thunderjet from RAF Manston crashed in the main street with loss of life.

Thankfully joy was once again on the horizon when, Percy’s sister, 28-year-old, spinster, May Claretta Willats married 20-year-old, architectural florist, and bachelor, George Frederick Champion, on Saturday the 4th of April 1903, at St. John’s Church, Highbury Vale, Islington, London, England. 
May gave her residence as, 21 Montague Road and George as, 194 Green Lands. 
They gave their father’s names and occupations, as George Frederick Champion, an architectural florist and Richard Henry Willats an Estate Agent. 
Their witnesses were, George Frederick Champion and May’s niece, Amina Eliza Catherine Charlton.

And Percy’s brother 26-year-old bachelor, surveyor, Frederick Howard Willats, married 24-year-old spinster Maud May Beach, on Saturday the 19th of September 1903, at St. John’s Church, Highbury Vale, Islington, London, England.
Frederick gave his abode as, 27 Kings Road and Maud graves hers as, 16 Orchard Road, St. Margarets on Thames.
They gave their fathers names and occupations, as Richard Henry Willats, estate agent, and Walter Beach (deceased), a Gentleman.
Persey and his niece, Amina Eliza Catherine Charlton were witnesses.

Across the pond, Percy’s brother, 43-year-old, widower and salesman, Arthur Charles Willats, married 30-year-old, spinster and actress, Ruth Gadsby, on Wednesday the 17th of June 1908, at Niagara Falls, Welland, Niagara, Ontario, Canada.

The following year marked a life-changing moment for Percy as he took the big step of marriage. On Saturday, July 24, 1909, 33-year-old bachelor Percy Sidney Willats wed 25-year-old spinster Sophie Ann Smart at the Register Office in Edmonton, Middlesex, England. It was a special day filled with significance and family ties.

Percy chose his brother, Edwin Paul Willats, and a friend, J. H. Champion, to stand as witnesses to this joyous occasion. Proudly following in his father’s footsteps, Percy listed his occupation as an auctioneer. Both Percy and Sophie gave their address as 11 The Quadrant, Winchmore Hill, Edmonton, which would be the foundation of their new life together.
They gave their fathers names and occupations as, Richard Henry Willats, an auctioneer and John Smart, a Market Gardener.
This union marked not only a new chapter for Percy and Sophie but also a continuation of family legacies.

A marriage at the Register Office in Edmonton, Middlesex, England in 1909 would have been a straightforward and relatively modest affair, reflecting both the legal requirements of the time and the cultural norms of Edwardian England. Register Office marriages were an option primarily for those who wanted a civil ceremony without religious overtones, or for couples of different religious backgrounds who sought a neutral venue.
The setting would have been a municipal building, likely a plain but respectable office designed for legal proceedings. The decor would have been simple and functional rather than ornate, reflecting the practical purpose of the space. The ceremony would have been presided over by the Superintendent Registrar, a government official authorized to conduct marriages under the Marriage Act of 1836, which had established the legal framework for civil ceremonies in England and Wales.
Couples choosing a Register Office marriage might have come from a variety of backgrounds. Some were non-conformists or secularists who preferred not to marry in a church. Others were constrained by cost, as church weddings could be more expensive. Social perceptions of such marriages varied, with some viewing them as less prestigious or romantic compared to traditional religious ceremonies, though this was becoming less stigmatized in the early 20th century.
The ceremony itself would have been brief, consisting of the exchange of vows prescribed by law. These vows affirmed the legal commitment to marriage but avoided religious language. The couple, along with at least two witnesses, would have signed the marriage register to formally record the union. This document served as an official legal record of the marriage, and a certificate would be issued to the couple.
Witnesses were often close friends or family members, though their role was simply to observe and attest to the legality of the proceedings. The clothing worn by the couple and attendees would have been determined by their social status and financial means. A bride might wear a practical outfit in white, cream, or another light color, suitable for later reuse, rather than the extravagant bridal gowns of wealthier classes. The groom typically donned a formal suit, and the witnesses would dress neatly to match the solemnity of the occasion.
After the ceremony, celebrations, if any, would have been modest. The economic realities of the time meant that not all couples could afford a large gathering, so they might have marked the occasion with a simple family meal or small reception. For working-class couples, it was not uncommon to return to work soon after the wedding, reflecting the practicalities of their lives.

As we close this first chapter of The Life of Percy Sidney Willats, 1875–1945, Through Documentation, we witness the journey of a man who grew from a child of humble beginnings to a young professional following in his father’s footsteps. From his birth in 1875 to his marriage in 1909, Percy’s life reflects the intricate tapestry of family ties, personal determination, and the societal norms of his time.  
His story has already taken us through significant milestones, education, career, and familial responsibilities, culminating in his union with Sophie Ann Smart, marking the start of a new and exciting chapter. Their marriage represents not just a personal commitment but the merging of two family histories, setting the stage for what’s to come.  
Stay with me as we continue to trace Percy’s fascinating life through historical records, exploring his journey beyond marriage, and uncovering the legacy of a life well-lived. This is just the beginning.